- Differentiate antigens and immunogens. Give an example.
- What are haptens? How can they be converted into immunogens?
- Explain the importance of epitopes in antigen-antibody interactions. How does the concept of polyvalency or multivalency relate to epitopes?
- Discuss the various forms of antigens that can be present in a bacterium. Why is this complexity crucial for the immune system?
- What is antigenicity and what factors influence it? Provide examples for each.
- Describe the two forms in which antibodies can exist. How do these forms relate to B-cell receptors?
- What is the alternative term for antibodies used in immunological literature?
- Elaborate on the structure of an antibody.
- What are the roles of Fab and Fc regions of an antibody?
- Define affinity and avidity in the context of antigen-antibody interactions. How do they differ and why is this distinction important?
- Explain the primary differences between T-cell receptors (TCRs) and B-cell receptors in terms of the types of molecules they can detect.
- Discuss the role of Cluster of Differentiation (CD) molecules in T-cell activation.
- What are Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) and what types of cells are considered “professional” APCs?
- Elaborate on the concept of costimulation in T-cell activation.
- How can the process of antigen presentation be enhanced? How does it relate to of adjuvants.
- Describe the different types of dendritic cells (DCs) and their specific roles in antigen presentation to T cells.
- What is MHC restriction and how does it affect the activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells?
- Compare and contrast the antigen processing pathways for cytosolic and ingested proteins.
- Discuss the role of macrophages and B cells as professional APCs.
- Explain the ability of certain T cells like NKT cells and γδ T cells to recognise non-protein antigens.
👈🏼Back to Antigen and Antigen-recognition Molecules study page