Irwan Hanish

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Practice Questions for Innate and Adaptive Immunities

Answer each question from memory first, aloud or on paper. Then rewatch Innate and Adaptive Immunities to check yourself.

  1. Describe the three lines of defence in the immune system as discussed in the lecture.
  2. Explain the physiological role of fever as a second line of defence.
  3. Discuss the role of cytokines in the inflammatory response. How do they contribute to the body’s defence mechanisms?
  4. What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)?
  5. Explain how proteins like haemoglobin, lactoferrin, and transferrin function in the immune response. What countermeasures do some pathogens employ?
  6. Describe the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides in the immune system. How do they contribute to the destruction of pathogens?
  7. Explain how phagocytosis serves as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
  8. Describe the concept of clonal deletion and its importance in immune tolerance.
  9. Discuss the process of T cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs. What types of T cells are generated, and what are their respective roles?
  10. What happens when the mechanisms of immune tolerance fail?
  11. Why are at least two signals necessary for the full activation of naive T cells?
  12. Discuss the real-world applications of understanding co-stimulation, particularly in the context of immunotherapy and organ transplantation.
  13. Explain the role of memory T cells in adaptive immunity.
  14. Discuss the role of cytokines in the activation and differentiation of B cells. How do they influence the immune response?
  15. Explain the mechanisms that lead to B cell activation. What are the key steps involved, and how do they contribute to the immune response?
  16. Describe how T helper cells assist in B cell activation. What specific interactions take place, and what is the outcome?
  17. Discuss the process of antigen presentation in B cells. How does this differ from antigen presentation in other APCs to T cells?
  18. Explain the role of memory B cells in long-term immunity. How do they form, and what makes them different from other B cells?
  19. Describe the differentiation pathways that B cells can take after activation. What are the end products, and what roles do they play in the immune system?
  20. Discuss the various functions of antibodies in the immune response.