- Describe the three lines of defence in the immune system as discussed in the lecture.
- Explain the physiological role of fever as a second line of defence.
- Discuss the role of cytokines in the inflammatory response. How do they contribute to the body’s defence mechanisms?
- What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)?
- Explain how proteins like haemoglobin, lactoferrin, and transferrin function in the immune response. What countermeasures do some pathogens employ?
- Describe the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides in the immune system. How do they contribute to the destruction of pathogens?
- Explain how phagocytosis serves as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
- Describe the concept of clonal deletion and its importance in immune tolerance.
- Discuss the process of T cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs. What types of T cells are generated, and what are their respective roles?
- What happens when the mechanisms of immune tolerance fail?
- Why are at least two signals necessary for the full activation of naive T cells?
- Discuss the real-world applications of understanding co-stimulation, particularly in the context of immunotherapy and organ transplantation.
- Explain the role of memory T cells in adaptive immunity.
- Discuss the role of cytokines in the activation and differentiation of B cells. How do they influence the immune response?
- Explain the mechanisms that lead to B cell activation. What are the key steps involved, and how do they contribute to the immune response?
- Describe how T helper cells assist in B cell activation. What specific interactions take place, and what is the outcome?
- Discuss the process of antigen presentation in B cells. How does this differ from antigen presentation in other APCs to T cells?
- Explain the role of memory B cells in long-term immunity. How do they form, and what makes them different from other B cells?
- Describe the differentiation pathways that B cells can take after activation. What are the end products, and what roles do they play in the immune system?
- Discuss the various functions of antibodies in the immune response.