Practice Questions – Immunity to Bacteria, Viruses, and Parasites

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1. What are the two main ways extracellular bacteria cause disease?
2. Explain how phagocytosis works as an innate immune defence against extracellular bacteria.
3. Why is the spleen particularly important for fighting encapsulated bacteria?
4. Describe two ways extracellular bacteria evade our immune responses.
5. What are granulomas, and why do they form in response to intracellular bacteria?
6. How do cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) help eliminate viruses from our bodies?
7. Describe how Type I interferons protect our cells from viral infections.
8. How does the immune system’s response sometimes cause more harm than the microbes themselves? Give two examples from the video.
9. Explain the role of Th1 cells in adaptive immunity against intracellular bacteria and protozoa.
10. How do parasites like helminths typically trigger an adaptive immune response, and what are the main immune components involved?